一、案情
申请执行人(原被执行人)杨文显。
申请执行人(原被执行人)李肖琼,系杨文显之妻。
被执行人(原申请执行人)杨万江。
1996年,杨文显以镇建筑公司的名义承建镇第二中学办公综合楼及学生宿舍楼,由于资金不足,同年8月25日,杨文显与其妻子李肖琼一起向杨万江借款180000元,并签订了借款协议,协议约定还款时间为“工程结束后即刻归还清对方”。事后,双方因借款偿还问题起纷争。2006年1月20日,杨万江向法院起诉,要求杨文显、李肖琼归还借款本金180000元及支付利息。
二、判决与执行
一审法院审理后认为,杨文显、李肖琼欠杨万江借款本金18万元及利息是事实,但因已超诉讼时效,判决驳回杨万江的诉讼请求。杨万江不服,向市中级人民法院提起上诉。
市中级人民法院终审后认为,杨文显、李肖琼欠杨万江借款本金18万元及利息是事实,但并未超诉讼时效,于是,二审民事判决:一是撤销一审民事判决;二是杨文显、李肖琼应偿还拖欠杨万江借款本金18万元及支付利息等,诉讼费用由杨文显、李肖琼负担。据此,市级人民法院于2006年11月至2007年1月间,强制扣划了杨文显、李肖琼的在银行的存款40万元,除去执行费用2075元外,将397925元全部退回给杨万江。存款扣划后,杨文显、李肖琼不服,申请再审。
市中级人民法院再审后认为,杨文显、李肖琼欠杨万江借款本金18万元及利息是事实,但已超过诉讼时效,于是又作出再审民事判决:一是撤销二审民事判决;二是维持一审的民事判决;一审、二审、再审的诉讼费用共25874元,全部由杨万江负担。
为此,对于已被强制执行的款项40万元,原被执行人杨文显、李肖琼依据再审判决向法院提出申请执行回转,要求法院强制杨万江返还40万元和利息及再审诉讼费2718元。因而,对于本案能否执行回转,面临选择。
三、争议
在讨论该案能否执行回转过程中,存在两种意见。一种意见认为该案应裁定执行回转。理由是:根据《民事诉讼法》的规定和最高人民法院《关于人民法院执行工作若干问题的规定(试行)》第109条规定,在执行中或执行完毕后,据以执行的法律文书被人民法院或其他有关机关撤销或变更的,原执行机构应当按照新的生效法律文书,作出执行回转的裁定,责令原申请执行人返还已取得的财产及其孳息。拒不返还的,强制执行。该案原来的执行依据二审民事判决已被撤销,所以应作出执行回转的裁定,责令原申请执行人杨万江返还已取得的款项给原被执行人杨文显和李肖琼。
另一种意见认为不应执行回转。理由:该案存在特殊性。一是该案的再审判决也认定当事人之间存在债权债务关系,认定杨文显和李肖琼应当偿还借款本金18万元及支付利息给杨万江,只是超过了诉讼时效而撤销原执行依据;二是法院强制执行杨文显和李肖琼的40万元并没有损害到杨文显和李肖琼的利益。如果法院裁定执行回转,让杨文显、李肖琼重新获得40万元,在事实上是不当得利。人民法院动用公权让一方当事人获得不当得利,显然与执行回转的目的——保护当事人的合法权益不受到侵害不符。另外,欠债还钱是中国的传统伦理观念。杨文显和李肖琼欠杨万江之债,虽属自然之债,但按照我国的传统伦理观念,仍是杨文显和李肖琼应还之债,只是不允许杨万江通过公权途径追讨。如果本案裁定执行回转,让杨文显、李肖琼重新获得40万元,显然其社会效果并不好。因此,该案不应裁定执行回转。
四、评析
笔者赞同第一种意见。理由是:
首先,该案符合执行回转的法定条件。执行回转必须具备三个条件:(1)执行程序已经进行完毕。这是产生执行回转的形式要件。(2)执行根据被依法撤销。这是产生执行回转的实质要件。执行程序的发生以有执行根据为前提,即是强制实现执行根据中所确定的当事人之间权利义务关系的程序。一旦执行根据有错误,依法定程序被撤销,执行根据中所确定的权利义务即失去了其合法根据。那么,将错误的执行根据执行完毕,自然就会产生执行回转的问题。(3)根据新的生效法律文书执行。执行中,据以执行的法律文书被撤销或者变更,人民法院应根据新的生效法律文书执行回转。上述三个条件必须同时具备。
结合本案的情况,该案原来的执行依据二审民事判决已被撤销,当原被执行人杨文显、李肖琼依据再审判决向法院提出申请执行回转,要求法院强制杨万江返还40万元和利息及再审诉讼费2718元时,如果裁定不予执行回转既于法无据,同时又明显违背《民事诉讼法》“执行完毕后,据以执行的判决、裁定和其他法律文书确有错误,被人民法院撤销的,对已被执行的财产,人民法院应当作出裁定,责令取得财产的人返还人民法院应当作出裁定,责令取得财产的人返还”的强制性规定。
其次,“不应裁定执行回转”的观点是一个极端走向了另一极端。既然杨文显、李肖琼欠杨万江借款本金18万元及利息已超过诉讼时效,杨万江的债权已经转化为自然债权,那么,根据民法通则诉讼时效制度的规定,法院对杨万江的债权不应再进行保护。既然法律赋予杨万江的权利而不去行使,那么,杨万江只有通过其他救济手段实现自己的目的。
以此而言,对于本不应当受到公权保护的权利,但因为一份错误判决而运用公权予以保护了,这是审判中的悲剧。法律规定了执行回转制度,正是针对执行发生的错误而采取的一种补救措施。“让杨文显、李肖琼重新获得40万元,显然其社会效果并不好”的认识,实际上等于运用公权又保护了一种法律不应保护的行为,如此的社会效果更是可怕的。
其三,自然债务形成的占有并非不当得利。杨万江的资金被杨文显、李肖琼占有是因为杨万江作为债权人长期怠于行使权利的结果,杨万江失去的仅是法律上的胜诉权,其与杨文显、李肖琼之间的债权债务关系依旧存在。杨文显、李肖琼占有的资金虽应受到道德方面的谴责,但将“杨文显、李肖琼重新获得40万元”看作是“在事实上是不当得利”是缺乏法律依据和法理支持的。那种认为“人民法院动用公权让一方当事人获得不当得利,显然与执行回转的目的——保护当事人的合法权益不受到侵害不符。”是缺乏前提条件的,同时,混淆了人民法院依法执行回转与道德约束的关系。
MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
Hong Kong
MERCHANT SHIPPING (REGISTRATION) ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 415)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion.
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
II ADMINISTRATION
egistrar of Ships
nstructions
rotection of public officers
III THE REGISTER
egister of ships
nspection, etc. of register
ectification of register
Correction of clerical errors in register
IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
strable ships and interests
Registrable ships
Registration of property in ships
urement and identification of ships
Tonnage regulations
Tonnage and description of ships
Tonnage of ships registered, etc. outside Hong Kong
Ship names regulations
Rules as to ship names
Marking of ship
stration procedures
Application for registration
Declarations by and on behalf of owners and demise charterers
Evidence on first registration
Refusal of registration
Entry of particulars in the register
Certificate of registry
Retention of documents
Port of registry
isional registration
Application for provisional registration
Entry of particulars in the register on provisional registration
Period of provisional registration
Certificate of provisional registration
Retention of documents on provisional registration
Application of Ordinance in relation to ships provisionally
registered
etc. of certificates and flags
Custody of certificate
Use of improper certificate
Replacement of lost, etc. certificate
Application of preceding sections to certificate of provisional
registry
Proper colours
V TRANSFERS AND TRANSMISSIONS
Application and interpretation of Part V
Transfer of ships
Declaration of transfer
Registration of transfer
Transmission of ship by operation of law
VI MORTGAGES
Definitions in Part VI
Mortgage of ship
Priority of mortgages, etc.
Mortgagee not treated as owner
Mortgagee to have power of disposal
Transfer of mortgage
Transmission of mortgage by operation of law
Discharge of mortgage
Power of disposal by owner
Trusts not recognized
Equities not excluded
VII CLOSURE OF REGISTRATION
es of owners, etc. in relation to registrability of ships
Notice of change of address, etc. of owner
Notice of dissolution, etc. of body corporate owner or charterer
Notice of termination of demise charter
Notice of loss, transfer, etc. of ship
Delivery of foreign certificate of deletion
ure of registration
Owner seeking closure of registration
Closure on receipt of notice concerning registrability
Closure on failure to comply with requirements of Ordinance
Closure on failure to pay fees or charges
Closure on failure of representative person to act, etc.
Closure by direction generally
Issue of certificate of deletion
Delivery of certificate of registry on closure
Register entries relating to mortgages
VIII REPRESENTATIVE PERSONS
Representative person
Notice of change of business by representative person
Notice of intention to cease acting
Duties, etc. of representative person
Notice to replace representative person
IX GOVERNMENT SHIPS
Meaning of "Government ship"
Registrability of Government ships
Application for registration of Government ship
Entry of particulars of Government ship in the register
Certificate of registry of Government ship
Retention of documents relating to Government ship
Transfer of registered Government ship
Application of Ordinance to Government ships
X MISCELLANEOUS
Alterations to ships
Registration a new
Grant of new certificate of registry
Mode of making declarations
Power of Registrar to dispense with declarations, etc.
False declarations or information
Documents, copies and admissibility in evidence
Service of documents
Taking detained ship to sea
Fees and charges regulations
References to ship registered in Hong Kong
Amendment of Schedules
Time limit for criminal proceedings
XI TRANSITIONAL SHIPS
Interpretation of Part XI
Ships registered under the Act
Ships not yet registered under the Act
Entry of particulars in respect of transitional ships
Certificate of registry for transitional ships
Retention of documents for transitional ships
Return of certificates issued under the Act
Transitional ship ceasing to be registrable
Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
XII CONSEQUENTIAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
Application of Merchant Shipping Acts
Savings, amendments and repeals
dule 1. Proper colours of a registered ship
dule 2. Specified Ordinances
dule 3. Application of Ordinance to Government ships
dule 4. Application of Ordinance to transitional ships
dule 5. Amendments and repeals
rdinance to provide for the registration of ships in Hong Kong
and for
ted matters.
ecember 1990] L. N. 366 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping
(Registration)
nance.
nterpretation
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
horized surveyor" means a surveyor appointed by a Certifying
Authority
rred to in section 13 for the purposes of the tonnage regulations;
lder's certificate" in relation to a ship, means a certificate
signed
he builder of the ship and containing a true account of-
the proper denomination and tonnage of the ship, as estimated by
him;
the date when and place where the ship was built; and
the name of the person on whose account the ship was built;
tificate of deletion" means a certificate of deletion issued
under
ion 65; "certificate of provisional registry" means a
certificate of
isional registry granted under section 30 and a new
certificate of
isional registry granted under section 35;
tificate of registry" means a certificate of registry granted
under
ion 24, 77 or 98 and a new certificate of registry granted
under
ion 35 or 83; "certificate of survey" means a certificate
granted by
uthorized surveyor under section 14;
tificate or declaration of marking", in relation to a ship, means-
a certificate signed by an authorized surveyor; or
a declaration made in Hong Kong by one or more of the owners or
by the
se charterer of the ship,
ifying or declaring, as the case may be, that the ship's name and
port
egistry have been marked as directed by the Registrar;
mencement date" means the date appointed by the Governor under
section
) for the coming into operation of this Ordinance;
ise charter" means a charter party by which a ship is chartered
or let
emise and under which the demise charterer has the possession of
the
and has sole control of all matters relating to the navigation
and
ation of the ship including employment of the master and crew;
"demise
terer" means the charterer of a ship under a demise charter,
and in
tion to a registered or provisionally registered ship means a
person
stered as demise charterer under this Ordinance;
ector" means the Director of Marine;
eign certificate of deletion", in relation to a ship,
means a
ificate or other document issued by the relevant authority of a
place
ide Hong Kong and certifying or stating, as the case may be, to
the
ct that the ship has been deleted from the register of ships in
that
e;
ernment" means the Government of Hong Kong;
ntity card", in relation to any person, means an identity card
issued
hat person under the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap.
177);
tructions" means administrative instructions issued by the
Director
r section 5; "lodged" means delivered to and accepted by the
Registrar
ccordance with this Ordinance;
ter" includes every person (except a pilot) having command or
charge
ny ship;
er", in relation to a registered or provisionally registered
ship,
s a person registered as owner under this Ordinance;
"provisionally
stered", in relation to a ship, means provisionally registered
under
ion 28;
lified person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11 (4);
ister" means the register of ships kept under section 7;
istered", in relation to a ship, means registered
under this
nance;
istrable", in relation to a ship, means able to be registered
under
Ordinance;
Registrar" means any person appointed as a Registrar of Ships
under
ion 4 (1) and, where the term is used in connection with a power
or
tion for the time being exercised by the Director pursuant to
section
), includes the Director;
resentative person", in relation to a ship, means the
representative
on for the time being appointed in relation to the ship under
section
p" means, subject to section 3, every description of vessel
capable of
gating in water not propelled by oars, and includes any ship, boat
or
t and an air-cushion vehicle or similar craft used wholly or
partly in
gation in water; "tonnage regulations" means regulations as
to the
age of ships made under section 13.
Where in relation to a ship or to any matter connected with a ship
any
ision of this Ordinance-
imposes a duty or liability on either of the owner or demise
charterer
he ship; or
provides for the service of notice on either of the owner or
demise
terer of the ship, the provision shall be construed as imposing
the
or liability or providing for the service of notice-
in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by
virtue of
ion 11 (1) (a), on the owner; or
in the case of a ship registered or to be registered by virtue
of
ion 11 (1) (b), on the demise charterer, but nothing
in this
ection shall prejudice or affect the operation of that provision
in so
as it imposes the duty or liability, or provides for the
service of
ce, as the case may be, on any person other than the owner or
demise
terer.
pplication of Ordinance to certain structures, etc.
Director may by notice published in the Gazette provide that a
thing
gned or adapted for use at sea and described in the notice is
or is
to be treated as a ship for the purpose of any provision of
this
nance specified in the notice, and any such notice may-
make different provision in relation to different occasions; and
if it provides that a thing is to be treated as a ship for the
purpose
provision specified in the notice, provide that the provision
shall
effect in relation to the craft with such modifications as
are so
ified.
PART II ADMINISTRATION
egistrar of Ships
The Director shall in writing appoint one or more public
officers to
egistrars of Ships.
The Registrar shall have such powers, functions and duties
as are
erred or imposed upon him by this Ordinance or any other law.
Without prejudice to subsection (2), the Director shall have and
may
cise the powers and functions of the Registrar referred to in
that
ection.
nstructions
The Director may issue to the Registrar and to other public
officers
administrative instructions not inconsistent with this
Ordinance as
appear to him to be necessary or expedient for the better carrying
out
he provisions of this Ordinance.
The Director shall publish such instructions in such manner as
he sees
Where in this Ordinance there is reference to a specified
form or
er-
that form or manner may be specified by the Director in
instructions;
if the instructions so provide, deviations from the specified
form or
er not affecting the substance thereof shall not invalidate that
form
anner.
The Registrar and any other public officer shall comply
with any
ructions issued to him.
rotection of public officers
No public officer shall be personally liable for any damage,
injury or
suffered or incurred by any person as a result of any act done
or
sion made by the public officer in good faith in the
exercise or
ormance or purported exercise or performance of any power,
function or
under this Ordinance.
The protection conferred on public officers by subsection
(1) in
ect of any act or omission shall not in any way affect any
liability
he Crown in tort for that act or omission.
PART III THE REGISTER
egister of ships
The Registrar shall keep a register of ships
registered or
isionally registered under this Ordinance.
The register shall contain such particulars in respect of
ships,
rs and their respective interests in ships, demise
charterers,
gagees and representative persons as are prescribed.
The register may be kept in legible or non-legible form but if
kept in
legible form any entry in the register shall be capable of
being
oduced in legible form.
nspection, etc. of register
person may, on payment of the prescribed fee-
inspect the register in legible form;
require to be furnished with a copy of, or extract from, any entry
in
register in legible form; or
require such copy or extract to be certified as a true copy by
or on
lf of the Registrar.
ectification of register
Where it appears to any person interested that there is a
material
r in the register, he may apply in writing to the
Director for
ification of the register.
Upon receipt of an application under subsection (1) the Director
may,
n his opinion there is a material error in the register-
direct the Registrar to rectify the register; or
subject to subsection (3), require the applicant to apply to the
High
t for rectification of the register.
Subsection (2) (b) shall not apply in any case where, in the
opinion
he Director, the material error is due to the negligence or wilful
act
mission of the Registrar.
Notice of an application to the High Court under this
section for
ification shall be served by the applicant on the Director
and the
ctor may appear and be heard in the proceedings.
The High Court may, in proceedings under this section-
make such order as it thinks fit concerning the rectification of
the
ster; and
decide any question that it is necessary or expedient to
decide
erning such rectification.
A copy of an order under subsection (5) shall be served
on the
ctor and the Registrar.
The Registrar shall-
comply with any direction to rectify the register under
subsection (2)
upon receipt of the copy of an order served under subsection (6),
and
he order so requires, rectify the register accordingly.
For the purposes of this section-
there is a material error in the register if there is an error
of fact
ubstance in the register;
without limiting the generality of paragraph (a), there is a
material
r in the register if-
an entry is omitted from the register;
an entry is made in the register without sufficient cause;
) an entry wrongly exists in the register; or
there is an error or defect in an entry in the register; and
the reference in paragraph (b) (i) to an entry omitted
from the
ster shall be read as including a reference to a matter
that is
ired or permitted by this Ordinance to be entered, or to remain,
in
register but is not entered in, or is removed from, the register.
The jurisdiction of the High Court under this section may be
exercised
he Registrar of the Supreme Court or a Master thereof.
Correction of clerical errors in register
Registrar may correct, or cause to be corrected, any clerical
error or
ous mistake in the register.
PART IV REGISTRATION OF SHIPS
Registrable ships and interests
Registrable ships
Subject to this Ordinance, a ship is registrable if-
a majority interest in the ship is owned by one or more
qualified
ons; or
the ship is operated under a demise charter by a body corporate
being
alified person (whether or not a majority interest in the
ship is
d by one or more qualified persons), and a representative
person is
inted in relation to the ship.
A registered ship ceases to be registrable if-
being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (a), a
majority
rest in the ship ceases to be owned by one or more qualified
persons;
being a ship registered by virtue of subsection (1) (b)--
the ship ceases to be operated under a demise charter by
a body
orate being a qualified person (whether by reason of the
termination
he demise charter or otherwise);
the ship or any share in or part of the ship is
transferred or
smitted; or
) the rights of the demise charterer under the demise
charter are
gned;
the ship is taken in war or hostilities, as a result of which
the
r or demise charterer has lost control over the operation of the
ship;
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